| Writing Research Essays in Humanities Style |

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Writing Research Essays in Humanities Style |
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"For nearly sixty years. Kate L. Turabian's Manual for Writers has offered comprehensive and detailed guidance to writers of research papers—term papers, theses, and dissertations."
—A Manual for Writers of Term
                        Papers, Theses, and Dissertations

Objective

After completing the activities, you will be able to write a research essay in humanities style.

Kate Turabian's influence on academic writing began when she became the dissertation secretary at the University of Chicago—in 1930! By 1937 the University was publishing her 68-page booklet, which was based on relevant material from The Chicago Manual of Style, the Bible of the publishing industry. Since then, each time the University of Chicago published a new version of the Manual of Style, the Turabian manual was updated. (By the fifth edition, published in 1987, other writers and editors were revising the manual.) With more than six million copies sold, the Turabian manual is the leading guide to writing humanities papers for college and university students. The newest edition of the Manual for Writers—the sixth—includes how to cite electronic publications such as e-mail and online databases.

If you're reading this section of Write of Way, it's probably because an instructor has asked you to write a research essay in humanities style. If that's the case, and you already know how to write a college-level research essay, read this section to learn how to format your essay in humanities style. If you feel that it would be helpful to further study how to write a research essay, you may want to begin by reading chapter 8, "Writing Research Essays," in Write of Way: Essay Strategies and Readings.

Activity 1: Studying a Research Essay in Humanities Style

The easiest way to learn to write a paper in humanities style is to begin by examining one. Look at Tommy Hall's research essay "Canada's One-Tier Health Care Is the Better System," and take a moment to answer each question as you read through the discussion of this humanities-style paper.

Figure 1: Example of a Humanities-Style Essay: "Canada's One-Tier Health Care Is The Better System"

Let's look at the first page, which is also the cover. What do you see nearest the top? The title is centred. For college papers the title is usually in mixed case (the important words are capitalized); for theses and dissertations, the titles are in block capitals. Next, the writer's name is centred from top to bottom, left to right. Near the bottom of the age, Hall has typed the course code, professor's name, and the submission date. Turabian's manual does not specify front page layout in as much detail as the other major documentation styles, but Hall's layout adheres to the spirit of the guidelines and will please most professors. As always, when writing a paper, ask your marker for guidance about format, and adapt Turabian's guidelines to suit your audience.

Look at the second page. Flush right or centred, 2.5 cm from the top, is the header: the page number. Turabian recommends numbering from the cover but concealing the number on that page.

The next line of print is indented. You've reached the essay proper, and you're ready to read the introduction. Just before you do, glance through the rest of the essay. Remember: You just want to get an idea of what a humanities-style essay looks like. Notice that the header is on every page. All the lines of text are double-spaced. There are a lot of quotation marks and colons, and there are many footnotes, note reference marks in superscript in the text and the notes themselves under a footnote separator. The numbers in the text identify the corresponding note. The most common footnotes tell readers the source of the information in the text. To avoid plagiarism, it is important to tell readers who wrote the information you discuss in your paper. Note that the footnote identifies the author and the publication consulted.

Near the end of the paper, you see a subheading, Bibliography, a list of the materials referred to in the essay, alphabetized by the surnames of the authors. All the information you need to find and read that material is recorded in the footnotes and, more economically, in the bibliography. A documentation style is quite handy, isn't it?

Your preview of this paper has familiarized you with the appearance of a humanities-style paper. As always, the content is most important in a research essay. Still, appearance matters too, so further details on formatting a paper in humanities style are presented here. Read on if you're ready to format your paper in humanities style. If you want to learn more about creating an essay, leave this section and reread chapter 8, "Writing Research Essays," in Write of Way: Essay Strategies and Readings.

Document Sources in the Text

When you write in humanities style, you must indicate in your text who wrote the specific information that you found in your search of the literature and precisely where in the published work that information appears. Later, you also compile a bibliography alphabetized by the surnames of the authors of the publications you refer to in the paper.

Look at the example of how Hall documented a source in the text of "Canada's One-Tier Health Care Is the Better System":

Commentator Richard Gwyn notes that the public tier becomes third-rate.¹

Hall presented the complete publication information in the corresponding footnote:

¹Richard Gwyn, "Two-Tier Health Care Would Point to Two-Tier Society." Toronto Star 1 Oct. 1995: D3, in Canadian NewsDisc [database on-line]; available from http://www.micromedia.on.ca (Toronto: Micromedia, accessed 23 May 2001).

That's the basic procedure you follow to write a humanities-style paper. Some professors prefer papers with endnotes rather than footnotes. (Endnotes are grouped together after the conclusion of the paper.) In either case, modern word-processing software makes it easier than ever to write a paper with professional-looking notes. Read "Document Sources in the Notes and Bibliography" to learn the details

Here are some additional requirements of humanities style.

• Avoid redundancy in the notes. Record all the publication information in the first footnote you create for the source. If you refer subsequently to the same material, make a briefer note. Repeat only the information the reader needs to know the source. For example, footnote 9 is complete. It tells all the information the reader needs to find the paper by Perrin Beatty, even the specific page to look at. Footnote 11 is brief. But this time, as long as readers know the source is Beatty, the only additional information they need to find this specific information is that the page is 34, not 33. When readers see such brief notes, they know they can find all the pertinent information in an earlier note. Incidentally, if you've also provided a bibliography, readers can find even more quickly all the publication data conveniently listed alphabetically by authors' surnames.
• For short quotations, incorporate the quotation and documentation into your text. Most of the time you will probably reword the information you learn in your literature search. Incorporate the author's surname into the text, and insert the note number:
  
  Beatty estimated that more than three times as much money is lost to administration costs in the United States than in Canada.¹

But sometimes you will feel that the source expresses the information so well that you want to quote the writer's exact words. If the quotation comprises fewer than eight lines of your paper, simply incorporate those words with your own, as in this example:

Gwyn says, "The second, public, tier becomes a third-rate system."¹

• Omit punctuation around block quotations. When you include a direct quotation of eight or more lines, remember to omit the quotation marks and indent the whole quotation 4 characters from the left margin. Switch to single-spacing and observe the usual 2.5-cm (one-inch) right margin. Begin a block quotation with a paragraph indentation (four spaces) if there is one in the original text. And if you quote more than one paragraph, indent each subsequent paragraph four additional character spaces.
• Cite an indirect source of information by using quoted in. In the following quotation, Hall indicates that he knows what Dr. Clement Richer said, not because Hall heard him, but because Hall read a quotation of Dr. Richer's remarks in reporter Graeme Hamilton's article "Let Wealthy Pay for Fast Care: MDs; Head of Physicians' Group Calls for Two-Tier Medicare System." Read the essay excerpt and then look at Hall's corresponding footnote.

Dr. Clement Richer, president of the Quebec Federation of General Practitioners, believes that rich people should be able to obtain CAT scans and other procedures more quickly than other citizens: "Some of our patients feel discriminated against, not to be able to pay to get exams more quickly . . . . If those who can afford it get service more quickly, I don't see any problem."¹

¹Clement Richer, quoted in Graeme Hamilton, "Let the Wealthy Pay for Fast Care; Head of Physicians' Group Calls for Two-Tier Medicare System," Gazette (Montreal), 2 May 1995, final ed., front sec., A1, in Canadian NewsDisc [database on-line] (Toronto: Micromedia, accessed 23 May 2001); available from http://www.micromedia.on.ca.

• For classic prose works, cite more than just the page number. Classic prose works have been published in several editions. When you indicate the page numbers of your edition of the classic, your reader will be frustrated in following your discussion if she is using a different edition, unless you provide additional information such as references to chapter numbers. In your note, cite the page number from your edition; then cite the book or chapter number (112; ch. 6 or 214; bk. 2, ch. 3).
• For classic plays and poems, omit page numbers and cite part and line. If you quote lines 6 and 7 in the second scene of act 1 of William Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew, cite this information parenthetically, in this way:
  
  Taming of the Shrew, 1.2.6-7.
  
  Some teachers prefer students to use Roman numerals for play parts (e.g., I.i.6-7), but Turabian recommends using Arabic numerals.
• Favour the present tense. Use the present tense when discussing the research literature ("Evans notes") and your analysis ("Canadians like their health-insurance system").

Document Sources in the Notes and Bibliography

The use of a note number and note about the material you discuss is the first step you take to help your reader distinguish your ideas from the intellectual contributions of others. Your notes and bibliography provide all the information your reader needs to obtain that cited material for personal study. That spirit—make it easy for your reader to find the documents you refer to—is the reason for the detailed information in this section.

As you look over the detailed instructions for completing notes and bibliography, you may be fatigued by the prospect of how much work it takes to carry out these instructions. This is a good time to remind you of two important points. Perhaps hearing them again, in this new context, will refresh your spirits.

You go to the effort of preparing notes and bibliography as a courtesy for your reader. Do this well, and you make a good impression because you make it easy for your reader to find the writings that you discuss in your research. Since you spend more time reading than writing, most of the time you benefit from someone else's work. That writer made it easy for you to find the source documents.

There is another advantage to learning this system of documentation: Once you become efficient at using these guidelines—I don't think anyone ever memorizes them—you will document quicker. Knowing the standard ways to record the information means you won't waste time reinventing logical ways to create a bibliographical entry.

• Place each footnote at the bottom of the page where the corresponding note number appears. Word-processing programs do this automatically, although the program will sometimes place notes on the following page if a notes section becomes too large.
• Begin a note with a paragraph-style indent one tab or five spaces (1.25 cm) from the left margin. Note entries are easier to read if each begins with an indent, as indicated in the following example.
  
  ¹Rheal Seguin, "Time Running Out for Health Reform," Globe and Mail, 18 Jan. 2001, national ed., A4.
• Place your bibliography at the end of your paper. After the last page of the text of your essay, start a new page to list the publications you consulted. Continue the page numbering in the header. If you concluded your essay on page 12, your bibliography page number is 13. Single space, but leave a blank line between each entry. Centre the title Bibliography. If the list spans more than one page, do not repeat the title; just continue with the alphabetized list of entries.
• Alphabetize all entries in the bibliography. As they read through an essay, readers often flip to the bibliography to read the details about the work referred to in the body of the paper. Alphabetize the entries to make it easy for your readers to find each entry of interest.
• Use common abbreviations in the notes and bibliography.
  ed. for editor, edition, edited by
  trans. for translator, translated by
• If a bibliography entry exceeds one line in length, indent the next line (or lines) one tab or five spaces (1.25 cm) from the left margin. Entries are easier to read if each begins with a hanging indent, as indicated in the following example of a bibliographic entry,
  
  Bennett, Arnold and Orvill Adams, eds. Looking North for
  Health: What We Can Learn from Canada's Health Care
  System. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993.
• Leave one character space after each punctuation mark. When using word-processing software (with proportional spacing), leave a single space after commas, periods, question marks, and colons. For example, leave a single space after a colon that separates a title of a work from its subtitle.
• Study these examples to create a correct entry for the different types of documents you refer to. As you prepare your notes and bibliography, look through the list below for an example of the same type of document you refer to in your paper. Then follow the guidelines for that publication to create a correct entry. You'll do it with increasing speed and ease as you become more familiar with the conventions. This section is organized into Citing Books and Other Nonperiodical Printed Publications, Citing Articles in Books and Periodicals, Citing CD-ROMs and Other Electronic Sources, and a miscellaneous section, Citing Other Print and Nonprint Publications. Within each category, the keywords are alphabetized to make it easier to find an example of the work you must reference. Still, you will probably feel that documenting is a tedious job. It is. It requires painstaking, fastidious attention to detail. Yet it also requires creativity and intelligence, so you can't just automatically do the job. You'll often have to consult more than one example to document a reference in your essay; for example, if you read a magazine article—but you never held that magazine in your hands because you found the article on the Net—you'll need to refer to entry 29 ("article in magazine") and example 40 ("public online posting").

Citing Books and Other Nonperiodical Printed Publications

1. book by anonymous or unknown author
2. book by corporate author
3. book by editor, translator, or compiler
4. book by one author
5. book by two or three authors
6. book by multiple authors
7. book in language other than English
8. book in multiple volumes
9. book in republished edition
10. book in second and subsequent editions
11. book in series
12. book in translation
13. book with multiple publishers
14. book with publisher's imprint
15. book/brochure without publication information or pagination
16. books by same author, editor, translator
17. books by same authors
18. conference proceedings
19. dissertation (published)
20. dissertation (unpublished)
21. government publication
22. pamphlet
23. report

Citing Articles in Books and Periodicals

24. abstract from abstracts journal
25. afterword
26. article in anthology
27. article in journal (each volume is paginated)
28. article in journal (each issue is paginated)
29. article in magazine
30. article in microfilm collection
31. article in newspaper
32. article in reference book
33. article that is serialized
34. editorial
35. foreword
36. introduction
37. letter to the editor
38. preface
39. review

Citing CD-ROMs and Other Electronic Sources

40. documents on a Web site
41. publication from a subscription service or online database
42. e-mail
43. posting to a discussion list
44. publication from CD-ROM, diskette

Citing Other Print and Nonprint Publications

45. advertisement
46. audio recording
47. cartoon/comic strip
48. film
49. interview
50. lecture
51. manuscript
52. musical composition
53. performance
54. radio or television program
55. speech
56. video recording
57. work of art

Before studying the specific conventions for various publications, take a close look at a sample entry to increase your familiarity with how to prepare a footnote.

¹Michael Ignatieff, The Rights Revolution (Toronto: Anansi, 2000), 99.

Begin a note with the name of the author, given name first. Follow the name with a comma. Then record the title. (If you are word-processing, italicize the title of a whole work. Underline if you are handwriting). Next, open parentheses and state the city in which the book was published. Follow that with a colon, and indicate the name of the publisher. (You may omit words such as Co., Inc., and Publisher.) Place a comma after the publisher and complete the entry with the publication date and the closing parenthesis. (If you are referring to material on a specific page of the book, for example, 99, add a comma after the year of publication and record the number before concluding the entry with a period.)

The procedure for preparing a bibliographic entry is a little different. Consider the bibliographic entry for Ignatieff's book:

Ignatieff, Michael. The Rights Revolution. Toronto: Anansi, 2000. .

The entry begins with the surname, a comma, and the first name. The title of a whole document is again italicized, but it is followed by a period. The city of the publishing company is next, followed by a colon and the publisher's name. A comma precedes the year of publication.

You will accurately prepare a humanities-style note or bibliographic entry if you attend to similar details in the sample entries.

Citing Books and Other Nonperiodical Printed Publications

1.  book by anonymous or unknown author

¹The Sponges of Lake Winnipeg (Brandon: Wishful Books, 1996), 22.

The Sponges of Lake Winnipeg. Brandon: Wishful Books, 1996.

2.  book by corporate author

When associations or committees publish a book, they do not always list an author on the title page. Cite as the author the name of the group, even if the group has also published the work.

¹Delrina (Canada), Getting Started Guide (Toronto: Delrina, 2001), 32

Delrina (Canada). Getting Started Guide. Toronto: Delrina, 2001.

3.  book by editor, translator, or compiler

Record an editor, translator, or compiler in the same way as an author, but after the surname(s) write the abbreviation ed. or eds.; trans.; comp. or comps. (in lowercase), followed by a period.

¹Arnold Bennett and Orvill Adams, eds., Looking North for Health: What We Can Learn From Canada's Health Care System (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993), 31.


Bennett, Arnold, and Orvill Adams, eds. Looking North for Health: What
We Can Learn From Canada's Health Care System. San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass, 1993.

4.  book by one author

¹Linda McQuaig, The Wealthy Banker's Wife: The Assault on Equality in Canada (Toronto: Penguin, 1993), 14.

McQuaig, Linda. The Wealthy Banker's Wife: The Assault on Equality in
Canada. Toronto: Penguin, 1993.

5.  book by two or three authors

³Sarah Norton and Brian Green, Essay Essentials (Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1991), 213.

Norton, Sarah, and Brian Green. Essay Essentials. Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1991.

²Rita Silverman, William M. Welty, and Sally Lyon, Case Studies for Teacher Problem Solving, 2d ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996), 29.

Silverman, Rita, William M. Welty, and Sally Lyon. Case Studies for
Teacher Problem Solving. 2d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.

6.  book by multiple authors

For books written by more than three authors, you may simply indicate the first author, and add and others for the note. Record all the names in the bibliographic entry.

¹R.R. McCowan and others, Educational Psychology: A Learning-Centered Approach to Classroom Practice, Canadian Edition (Scarborough: Allyn & Bacon, 1996), 215.

McCown, R. R., M. Driscoll, P. Roop, D. H. Saklofske, I. W. Kelly, V. L.
Schwean, and J. Gajadharsingh. Educational Psychology: A
Learning-Centered Approach to Classroom Practice, Canadian Edition. Scarborough: Allyn & Bacon, 1996.

7.  book in language other than English

Proceed as for an English-language book, but capitalize as in a sentence.

⁵Jacques Fiot, Le Français par les Mots Croises (Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1969), 38.

Fiot, Jacques. Le Français par les Mots Croises. Paris: Librairie Hachette,
1969.

8.  book in multiple volumes

²²Russell Brown and Donna Bennett, eds., An Anthology of Canadian Literature in English (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1982), 2: 614.

Brown, Russell, and Donna Bennett, eds. An Anthology of Canadian
Literature in English. Vol. 2. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1982.

9.  book in republished edition

This example also indicates that Collins Crime is an imprint used by Collins Publishers.

¹Eric Wright, Smoke Detector (Don Mills: Collins, 1984; reprint ,     Collins Crime, 1985), 22 (page citations are to the reprint edition).

Wright, Eric. Smoke Detector. 1984. Don Mills: Collins , 1984; reprint,
Collins Crime, 1985.

10.  book in second and subsequent editions

³Donna Kerrigan, Ray Matthews, and Gary Webb, Who's Going to Read This Anyway? 4th ed., (Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1991), 31.

Kerrigan, Donna, Ray Matthews, and Gary Webb. Who's Going to Read
This Anyway? 4th ed. Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1991.

11.  book in series

If the title or half-title page indicates that a book is part of a series, place the series name, and any number, just before the publication information.

¹³Carole Gerson and Gwendolyn Davies, eds., Canadian Poetry: From the Beginnings Through the First World War, New Canadian Library (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1994), 25.

Gerson, Carole, and Gwendolyn Davies, eds. Canadian Poetry: From the
Beginnings Through the First World War. New Canadian Library.
Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1994.

12.  book in translation

Proceed much as for an edited book.

⁹Margaret Atwood, Marquee au Corps, trans. Helene Filion (Montreal: Les Quinze-Filiale de Sogides, 1983), 7.

Atwood, Margaret. Marquee au Corps. Trans. Helene Filion. Montreal:
    Les Quinze-Filiale de Sogides, 1983.

13.  book with multiple publishers

Note that the order of the publishing companies is the same in the entry as it is in the book.

¹Thomas Paikeday, ed., Penguin Canadian Dictionary (Markham: Penguin Books Canada; Mississauga: Copp Clark Pitman, 1990).

Paikeday, Thomas M., ed. Penguin Canadian Dictionary. Markham:
Penguin Books Canada; Mississauga: Copp Clark Pitman, 1990.

14.  book with publisher's imprint

¹Eric Wright, Smoke Detector (Don Mills: Collins, 1984; reprint, Collins Crime, 1985), 22 (page citations are to the reprint edition).

Wright, Eric. Smoke Detector. Don Mills: Collins, 1984; reprint, Collins
Crime, 1985.

15.  book/brochure without publication information or pagination

Sometimes books do not have some of the information you are expected to record for a note or bibliographic entry. Use these abbreviations to tell your readers the information unavailable from the publication. Capitalize and punctuate just as though you had the usual information.

n.d. n.p. n.p. n.pag.

(no date of publication) (no publisher, if the abbreviation follows the colon) n.p.(no publisher, if the abbreviation follows the colon) (no pagination. This explains why you didn't cite page numbers in the text.)

⁵Canadian Red Cross Society, Safe Diving (N.p.: Canadian Red Cross Society, 1989), N. pag.

Canadian Red Cross Society. Safe Diving. N.p.: Canadian Red Cross
Society, 1989.

³Commemorative Services of Ontario, The Facts about Cremation (Toronto: Commemorative Services of Ontario, n.d.), 3.

Commemorative Services of Ontario.The Facts about Cremation . Toronto: Commemorative Services of Ontario, n.d.

16.  books by same author, editor, translator

In the bibliography, type an eight-space line, a period, and a space in place of the author's name when citing another book by the same writer Alphabetize the book titles, or list them chronologically. If the writer served as editor or translator, write such entries after the authored works.

McQuaig, Linda. Shooting the Hippo: Death by Deficit and Other Canadian Myths. Toronto: Viking-Penguin, 1995.

________. The Wealthy Banker's Wife: The Assault on Equality in
Canada.Toronto: Penguin, 1993.

17.  books by same authors

Proceed as you did for books by same author. Do this only if the multiple-author teams are identical; otherwise, make a new entry for each unique writing team.

18.  conference proceedings

¹Mingho Liu, "On-Line Identification of Coherent Generators Using Multilayer Feedforward Neural Networks," in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology in Guangzhou, China, 5-9 December 5-9 1994 (Guangzhou: IEEE, 1995), 804.

Liu, Mingho. "On-Line Identification of Coherent Generators Using
Multilayer Feedforward Neural Networks." In Proceedings of the IEEE
International Conference on Industrial Technology in Guangzhou,
China, 5-9 December 1994, 803-807. Guangzhou: IEEE, 1995.

19.  dissertation (published)

Study the following entry for a dissertation published by University Microfilms International. Note that the title is italicized.
¹ Douglas B. Rogers, Are College Content-Area Professors Practicing Writing Across the Curriculum? (Ed.D. diss., State University of New York at Buffalo, 1993; Ann Arbor: UMI, 1994. 9335162, 29.

Rogers, Douglas B. Are College Content-Area Professors Practicing
Writing Across the Curriculum? Ed.D. diss., State University of New
York at Buffalo, 1993; Ann Arbor: UMI, 1994. 9335162.

20.  dissertation (unpublished)

¹Douglas B. Rogers, "Are College Content-Area Professors Practicing Writing Across the Curriculum?" (Ed.D. diss., State University of New York at Buffalo, 1993), 29.

Rogers, Douglas B. "Are College Content-Area Professors Practicing
Writing Across the Curriculum?" Ed.D. diss., State University of New
York at Buffalo, 1993.

21.  government publication

When you don't know the author's name, begin the entry with the name of the government. Then note its particular department or agency. Canadian federal government documents are published in Ottawa by the Queen's Printer.
⁸Canada, Ministry of Industry, Statistics Canada, Household Facilities by Income and Other Characteristics. (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1993), 17.

Canada. Ministry of Industry. Statistics Canada. Household Facilities by
Income and Other Characteristics. Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1993.

22.  pamphlet

Follow the same conventions as for a book.

23.  report

If a report is published as a whole, rather than as part of a collection, italicize the title. If there is no author noted, and it's published by the organization, start with the name of the corporation or organization. If you found the report on the Internet, add the additional information, as indicated in the section on documenting electronic sources.

¹Jackie Ferris and Tania Stirpe, Gambling in Ontario: A Report From a General Population Survey on Gambling-Related Problems and Opinions (N.p.: Addiction Research Foundation, 10 August 1995), 45.

Ferris, Jackie, and Tania Stirpe. Gambling in Ontario: A Report From a
General Population Survey on Gambling-Related Problems and
Opinions. N.p.: Addiction Research Foundation, 10 August 1995.

Citing Articles in Books and Periodicals

24.  abstract from abstracts journal

To create an entry for an abstract you obtained from a journal of abstracts, begin by citing the publication data for the full-length document. Finish with the publication information for the source of the abstract. Note that you do not need to indicate the page number of the abstract if it is presented in the journal in a way that makes it as easy for the reader to find as numbered pages.

¹Sharon L. Gilbert, "Perspectives of Rural Prospective Teachers Toward Teaching in Urban Schools," Urban Education 30 (1995): 290-305, Child Development Abstracts and Bibliography 70, no. 1 (1996): item 125.

Gilbert, Sharon L. "Perspectives of Rural Prospective Teachers Toward
Teaching in Urban Schools." Urban Education 30 (1995): 290-305. Child Development Abstracts and Bibliography 70, no. 1 (1996): item 125.

25.  afterword

Treat an afterword the same way as you would a foreward (see item 35 in this list), but substitute the word afterword.

26.  article in anthology

Note that only the specific page referred to is included in the note. But report the pages of the entire source article in the bibliographic entry.

¹Robert Evans, "Health Care in the Canadian Community," in Looking North for Health: What We Can Learn From Canada's Health Care System, ed. Arnold Bennett and Orvill Adams (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993), 24.

Evans, Robert. "Health Care in the Canadian Community." In Looking
North for Health: What We Can Learn From Canada's Health Care
System, ed. Arnold Bennett and Orvill Adams, 1-27. San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass, 1993.

27.  article in journal (each volume is paginated)

Most academic journals are paginated by volume. That means that several issues together constitute one volume of the journal. Sometimes the journal's volume will correspond to the calendar year, but more often a particular volume is made up of all the issues published in an academic year, typically September to June. If the volume is continuously paginated, each new issue of the journal starts numbering one page number higher than the last page of the previous issue. It is easy to find particular pages because the whole volume is paginated. Thus, you need indicate only the volume number of the journal. Leave out the issue number. After the year, do indicate the pages on which the article is printed. Notice that the names of periodicals, including newspapers and magazines, are italicized; they are followed by no punctuation.

¹Douglas B. Rogers, "Assessing Study Skills," Journal of Reading 27 (1984): 346-354.

Rogers, Douglas B. "Assessing Study Skills." Journal of Reading 27
(1984): 346-354.

28.  article in journal (each issue is paginated)

When a journal begins each new issue by numbering from page one, a reader will find it easier to find a particular issue if you cite the number of the issue in your note or bibliographic entry. In the following example, the 16 indicates the volume number and the no. 2 the issue number. Note the colon before the page number.

³Solveiga Miezitis and Douglas Rogers, "Teacher Interpersonal Distancing and Pupil Behaviour," Ontario Psychologist 16, no. 2 (1984): 9.

Miezitis, Solveiga, and Douglas Rogers. "Teacher Interpersonal Distancing and Pupil Behaviour." Ontario Psychologist 16, no. 2 (1984): 9-12.

29.  article in magazine

Examine the following entries to see the conventions for citing a magazine article. Here are a few more considerations. When the article is not printed on consecutive pages, cite the page number for the first page. For a magazine, even when it indicates volume and number, cite just the day (if indicated), month, and the year, as shown below. Note the comma before the page number.

¹Mimi Frost, "Up in Smoke: Why Teen Girls Don't Quit," Chatelaine, July 1996, 29.

Frost, Mimi. "Up in Smoke: Why Teen Girls Don't Quit." Chatelaine,
July 1996, 29.

30.  article in microfilm collection

Provide the information for the print version (if there is any). Follow with the information about the microform.

⁸J. Kurfis, Do Students Really Learn from Writing? 1985, ERIC Document Reproduction Service, ED 293 123.

Kurfis, J. Do Students Really Learn from Writing? 1985. ERIC Document
Reproduction Service No. ED 293 123.

31.  article in newspaper

The Turabian guidelines are vague for citing newspapers. When you have found important information from a newspaper, use a note to ensure your readers can find the material should they care to read it in its entirety. Newspaper articles are not usually recorded in the bibliography. Here are a few other conventions for documenting a newspaper article.

• Omit introductory articles from newspaper names: Write Calgary Herald, not The Calgary Herald.
• Add the city name to an entry for a local newspaper: Write Free Press (London) or Free Press (Winnipeg).
• If the newspaper publishes more than one edition, indicate the edition you referred to. After the date, add a comma and an abbreviation for the edition.

⁴Cynthia Ramsay, "Don't Recycle the Same Old Myths About Health Care," Globe and Mail, 15 May 1995, Metro ed., A13.

Ramsay, Cynthia. "Don't Recycle the Same Old Myths About Health   Care."Globe and Mail, 15 May 1995, Metro ed.: A13.

32.  article in reference book

Readers can easily find major reference works, so you do not need to cite as much information as for other types of works. For a note, begin with the name of the encyclopedia or dictionary. Follow with title of the entry, preceded with s.v., an abbreviation for the Latin term under the word. For a well-known reference work, record only the edition and year of publication. You do not even need to indicate page numbers if the entries of the work are arranged alphabetically. Don't include this information in the bibliography.

³The Canadian Oxford Dictionary. 1998 ed., s.v. "crokinole."

33.  article that is serialized

If an article is published under one name by one author but in two or more issues of a periodical, create one entry for the series. If each part of the series has a different title, list them all. After the usual bibliographic information, add a note that indicates the article is part of a series. You have to think creatively to ensure that your reader gets all the information needed to find the material you cited.

¹David Israelson, "Canada in Castro's Cuba" Toronto Star, 13 July 1996, F1; 14 July 1996, D1; 15 July 1996, E1.

Israelson, David. "Canada in Castro's Cuba." Toronto Star, 13 July 1996,
F1; 14 July 1996, D1; 15 July 1996, E1.

34.  editorial

Most editorials are unsigned, so begin the entry with the title of the editorial. Follow the title with the descriptive term editorial.

²"Traffic Plans Beg for Answers," editorial in the Niagara Advance, 14 March 1995, 4.

"Traffic Plans Beg for Answers." Editorial in the Niagara Advance ,14
   March 1995, 4.

35.  foreword

¹ Jean C. Monty, foreword to Canadian Internet Handbook, by Jim Carroll and Rick Broadhead (Scarborough, Ontario: Prentice Hall Canada, 1994), xiii.

Monty, Jean C. Foreword to Canadian Internet Handbook, by Jim Carroll
and Rick Broadhead. Scarborough, Ontario: Prentice Hall Canada, 1994.

36.  introduction

See the example for citing a foreword., but substitute the word introduction.

37.  letter to the editor

Cite a letter to the editor as you would any other newspaper article but type Letter instead of an article title. The titles that newspapers sometimes give to letters are not part of the letters, so don't include those titles in your citations. Don't include references to letters in the bibliography.

⁴Douglas B. Rogers, letter to the Standard (St. Catharines) 10 April 1996, B5.

38.  preface

Proceed as for a foreword, substituting the word preface.

²Arnold Bennett, preface to Looking North for Health: What We Can Learn From Canada's Health Care System, ed. Arnold Bennett and Orvill Adams (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993), xv.

Bennett, Arnold. Preface to Looking North for Health: What We Can
Learn From Canada's Health Care System. Ed. Arnold Bennett and
Orvill Adams, xv-xxiv. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993.

39.  review

¹Conchita Galway, review of The Art of Mary Pratt: The Substance of Light. (Vancouver Art Gallery, 20 December 1995-3 March. 1996), Planet of the Arts (Emily Carr Institute of Art and Design, Vancouver), February/March 1996, 22.

Galway, Conchita. Review of The Art of Mary Pratt: The Substance of
Light. Vancouver Art Gallery. 20 December 1995-3 March 1996.
Planet of the Arts (Emily Carr Institute of Art and Design,
Vancouver), February/March 1996, 22.

Citing CD-ROMs and Other Electronic Sources

It is really just the newness of these media that gives writers pause for thought when referring to them in a note or bibliography. For the most part, you can treat new media as you would books and magazines, but include the additional information a reader needs to find the document in its electronic form. In general, if you are citing a document that does exist in printed form, record that information first. (Consult the guidelines for that type of document.) Present the address or path the reader must follow to find the electronic version that you read. When citing any document that could be altered after you read it, record the date on which you accessed it. The next edition of Turabian should clarify the citation procedures, but the examples below can guide you now since they are based on the documentation principles Turabian outlines.

40.  document on a Web site

The Internet provides several different ways to publish information. Study the examples to see how to document these materials. If formatting requirements lead you to break up a URL, separate after a slash, and do not add a hyphen.
The first example shows how to document one of the most common electronic sources, a paper published on a Web site.

¹Michel de Montaigne, "On the Education of Children," in Essays, trans. Charles Cotton, in a Web page on Electric Renaissance by Moderator Dr. E. L. Skip Knox, Boise State University, 1995; available from http://www.idbsu.edu/courses/hy309/docs/montaigne/montaigne.02.html, accessed 3 February 2001.

Montaigne, Michel de. "On the Education of Children," in Essays, trans.
Charles Cotton. In a Web page on Electric Renaissance by Moderator
Dr. E.L. Skip Knox, 1995, Boise State University; available from http://
www.idbsu.edu/courses/hy309/docs/montaigne/montaigne.02.html. accessed 3 February 2001.

Here's how to cite an article in an online periodical.The first date is the date the material was published; the second is the date the material was accessed.

⁴Douglas B. Rogers, "Make Your New Year's Resolutions in September," CALL Online Magazine, August 2000; available from http://www.callmagazine.com, accessed 21 February 2001.

Rogers, Douglas B. "Make Your New Year's Resolutions in September."
CALL Online Magazine, August 2000. Available from
http://www.callmagazine.com. Accessed 21 February 2001.

41.  publication from online database

This example shows how to document a work available to an individual through a subscription service.

¹ Michael Rachlis, "Shopping for Care Nonsensical," Toronto Star, 19 January 1996, A20, in Canadian NewsDisc [database on-line]; available from http://www.micromedia.on.ca (Toronto: Micromedia, accessed 23 May 2001).

Rachlis, Michael. "Shopping for Care Nonsensical." Toronto Star
19 January. 1996, A20. In Canadian NewsDisc. Database on-line.
Available from http://www.micromedia.on.ca Toronto: Micromedia.
Accessed 23 May 2001.

42.  e-mail

You might create a footnote to source an e-mail, but don't include it in your bibliography.

¹Damian Joseph, e-mail to Douglas B. Rogers, 5 May 2002.

43.  posting to a discussion list

The next example shows how to make a note for a posting on a discussion list. You do not need to create a bibliographic entry.

¹Maxine Kaufman-Lacusta, "MidEast Peace Now," Quaker Peace and Social Action Listserv [Online posting]; available http://www.quaker-p@earlham.edu, accessed 1 October 1998.

44.  publication from CD-ROM, diskette

To cite a document/program published on a diskette, follow the conventions for a book.

¹Sandy Feldstein, Practical Theory [diskette] (Van Nuys, CA: Alfred, 1983).

Feldstein, Sandy. Practical Theory. Diskette. Van Nuys, CA: Alfred, 1983.

When you find a document by searching a CD-ROM database—perhaps the Canadian NewsDisc—begin your citation by noting the hard—copy source of the document.

²Marnie Larsen-Ko, "No Excuse for Hitting Children: Every Act of Violence Against a Child Leaves a Permanent Emotional Scar," Calgary Herald, 10 June 1996, A6, in Canadian NewsDisc [CD-ROM] (Toronto: Micromedia, 1995-1996).

Larsen-Ko, Marnie. "No Excuse for Hitting Children: Every Act of Violence
Against a Child Leaves a Permanent Emotional Scar." Calgary Herald
10 June 1996, A6. In Canadian NewsDisc [CD-ROM] Toronto:
Micromedia, 1995-1996.

Citing Other Print and Nonprint Publications

45.  advertisement

Start your entry with the subject of the advertisement, neither italicized nor in quotation marks. After a period, write the word advertisement, and follow that with in; then complete the entry with the usual information about the publication in which the advertisement appears.

⁶National Film Board of Canada, advertisement in This Magazine, March/April, 1996, 12.

National Film Board of Canada. Advertisement. This Magazine.
March/April 1996, 12.

46.  audio recording

¹ Stompin' Tom Connors, More of the Stompin' Tom Phenomenon. Crown Vetch Music Ltd., 1991, cassette.

Connors, Stompin' Tom. More of the Stompin' Tom Phenomenon. Crown
Vetch Music Ltd., 1991, cassette.

47.  cartoon/comic strip

Begin the entry with the surname of the cartoonist. Add the title of the cartoon (if it has one), the words cartoon in, and finish with the information about the publication, as usual.

²Susan Bell-Lundy, Between Friends, cartoon in the Toronto Star, 11 July 1996, F8.

Bell-Lundy, Susan. Between Friends. Cartoon. In the Toronto Star, 11
July 1996, F8.

48.  film

¹Father and Son, directed by Colin Browne, National Film Board of Canada, 1992, videocassette.

Father and Son. Directed by Colin Browne. National Film Board of Canada,1992.Videocassette.

49.  interview

Begin the entry with the surname of the person interviewed.

³Sarah Polley, "The Adventures of Sarah Polley," interview in This Magazine, March/April 1996, 13.

Polley, Sarah. "The Adventures of Sarah Polley." Interview. In This
Magazine, March/April 1996, 13.

50.  lecture

Follow the guidelines for a speech, substituting the label lecture for speech.

51.  manuscript

Begin a citation for an unpublished manuscript with the surname of the author. Indicate the title. Provide a brief description of the document, and note the date.

¹Douglas B. Rogers, "Review of Reading Assessment in Practice," a paper submitted to Teaching Education, January 1996: 23.

Rogers, Douglas B. "Review of Reading Assessment in Practice." A paper submitted to Teaching Education, January 1996: 23.

52.  musical composition

Begin the note with the surname of the composer. Then italicize the title of the work, unless it is identified technically only by form, key, or number. Do not enter in the bibliography.

¹Felix Mendelssohn, Symphony no. 3 in A minor, op. 56.

²Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Variations on a Rococo Theme for Cello and Orchestra, op. 33.

53.  performance

²David Wilcox, Sean O'Sullivan Centre for the Arts, St. Catharines. Ontario, 10 July 1996.

Wilcox, David. Sean O'Sullivan Centre for the Arts, St. Catharines, Ontario,10 July 1996.

54.  radio or television program

Include in your entry as many of these elements as possible, in this order: title of episode (if applicable); title of program, italicized; title of series (if appropriate); name of any network involved; call letters for local station; city; and date of broadcast.

¹Willie P. Bennett, interview with Shelagh Rogers, Morningside, BC, CBL, Toronto,8 July 1996.

Bennett, Willie P. Interview with Shelagh Rogers. Morningside. CBC,
CBL, Toronto. 8 July 1996.

55.  speech

Include in the note all the information essential to telling the reader precisely where you heard the speech: name of speaker, title of oral presentation, the occasion, the location, and the date. Do not enter in the bibliography.

⁷Douglas B. Rogers, "Are College Content-Area Professors Helping Students Learn to Write?" (paper presented at the Learned Societies Congress/Canadian Society for the Study of Higher Education. Brock University, St. Catharines. 25 May 1996)

56.  video recording

Begin the entry with the name of the film or video, unless you want to emphasize the role of some other person important in the recording. In such a case, begin the entry with that person's name. Add information about actors and producers if you think it is important to the discussion in your paper

¹Father and Son, directed by Colin Browne, National Film Board of Canada, 1992, videocassette.

Father and Son. Directed by Colin Browne. National Film Board of   Canada, 1992. Videocassette.

57.  work of art

Cite a work of art only in a note. Begin the entry with the surname of the artist. Italicize the name of the work next. Name the gallery or private individual that houses the piece, and name the city. You may include the date the work was created; put it right after the title. If you refer to a photograph of a work, include the source of the reproduction.

¹Mary Pratt, Balancing Oranges, Toronto Star, 16 June 1996, B1.

²James Edward Hervey MacDonald, Thomson's Rapids, Magnetewan River, 1910, McMichael Canadian Art Collection, Kleinburg, Ontario.

Activity 2: Creating Footnotes and a Bibliography

Try Activity 2 to test your understanding of how to create humanities-style notes and bibliography.

Naomi Epstein wrote a five-page essay using the following materials. Create the footnotes and bibliography for her paper. Assume she writes her notes in the same order as the materials are listed and that she refers to material on the first page of each publication. Check your own work.

Andrew Nikiforuk's Globe and Mail article Andrew Nikiforuk Views a Video That Focuses on the Classroom appeared on page 22 on March 12, 1993.

Public Education: Can We Keep It? by Arnold Fege was published in the magazine Educational Leadership, November, 1992, on pages 86-89.

The subtitle of Class Warfare is the Assault on Canada's Schools. The writers are Maude Barlow and Heather-jane Robertson. The Toronto company Key Porter Books published the book in 1994.

Brian Bergman wrote a Macleans article titled The Kids are All Right. It was published April 9, 2001, but you learned about it from the home page of your Internet provider. The URL for the article was http://www.macleans.ca/xta-doc/2001/04/09/cover/index/shtml. You accessed it on April 7, 2001.

Answer to Activity 2: Creating Footnotes and a Bibliography

Footnotes:

¹ Andrew Nikiforuk, "Andrew Nikiforuk Views a Video That Focuses on the Classroom," Globe and Mail, 12 March 1993, 22.

² Arnold Fege, "Public Education: Can We Keep It?" Educational Leadership, November 1992, 86.

³ Maude Barlow and Heather-jane Robertson, Class Warfare: The Assault on Canada's Schools (Toronto: Key Porter, 1994), 1.

⁴ Brian Bergman, "The Kids are All Right," Macleans, 9 April 2001; available http://www.macleans.ca/xta-doc/2001/04/09/cover/index/shtml, accessed 7 April 2001.

Bibliography:

Barlow, Maude, and Heather-jane Robertson. Class Warfare:
The Assault on Canada's Schools. Toronto: Key Porter,
1994.

Bergman, Brian. "The Kids are All Right." Macleans,
9 April 2001. Available http://www.macleans.ca/xta-doc/
2001/04/09/cover/index/shtml. Accessed 7 April 2001.

Fege, Arnold. "Public Education: Can We Keep It?"
Educational Leadership, November 1992, 86-89.

Nikiforuk, Andrew."Andrew Nikiforuk Views a Video That
Focuses on the Classroom." Globe and Mail, 12
March 1993, 22.

Some Concluding Thoughts

It's tiring work, isn't it, trying to observe all the conventions of humanities style? It may help to remember that the work is for a good cause: When writers make reading easy, we all benefit—because we all read far more than we write.

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